Introduction
This project is part of a series conducted within the exa-MA project, which is a segment of the Numpex project section. My colleagues and I worked on the following projects:
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Exa-MA WP1 - Vegetation
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Exa-MA WP1 - Terrain
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Exa-MA WP1 - Urban Building LOD-1
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Exa-MA WP1 - Urban Building LOD-2 and Kinetic
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Exa-MA WP1 - Performance and Scalability
Which are all part of the WP1
(Work Package 1) focused on discretization for the exa-MA
project.

These projects are conducted within the Hidalgo2 initiative, which "aims to explore synergies between modeling, data acquisition, simulation, data analysis, and visualization along with achieving better scalability on current and future HPC and AI infrastructures to deliver highly-scalable solutions that can effectively utilize pre-exascale systems."
Specifically focusing on the Urban Building Model Use Case (UBM) , which is "developing the Urban Building pilot application to improve building energy efficiency and indoor air quality", this particular project aims to integrate vegetation, particularly trees, into 3D models of urban environments.
The projects are conducted within the Cemosis (Center for Modeling and Simulation in Strasbourg), which is hosted by the IRMA (Institute for Advanced Mathematical Research) at Strasbourg University. We operated as students under the supervision of Vincent Chabannes, research engineer at IRMA, Pierre Alliez, senior researcher and team leader at Inria Sophia Antipolis, and Christophe Prud’homme, professor in applied mathematics at Strasbourg University.
References
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[verdie15] Yannick Verdie, Florent Lafarge, Pierre Alliez, "LOD Generation for Urban Scenes", ACM Transactions on Graphics, 34(3): 15, 2015, DOI: 10.1145/2766946
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[verdie14] Yannick Verdie, Florent Lafarge, "Detecting parametric objects in large scenes by Monte Carlo sampling", International Journal of Computer Vision, 106(1): 57—75, 2014, DOI: 10.1007/s11263-013-0641-0
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[stava14] O. Stava, S. Pirk, J. Kratt, B. Chen, R. Mech, O. Deussen, B. Benes, "Inverse Procedural Modeling of Trees", Preprint, 2014, Adobe Systems Inc., USA; University of Konstanz, Germany; Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, China; Purdue University, USA.
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[adtree] Shenglan Du, Roderik Lindenbergh, Hugo Ledoux, Jantien Stoter, Liangliang Nan, "AdTree: Accurate, Detailed, and Automatic Modelling of Laser-Scanned Trees", MDPI, 2019, MDPI: 2072-4292/11/8/942
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[benes] Bedrich Benes, "Computational Vegetation", Computational Vegetation
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[cgal] CGAL Development Team, "CGAL User and Reference Manual", CGAL User and Reference Manual
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[feelpp] Feel Consortium, "Feel", Feel++ Documentation
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[curl] "curl", curl Homepage
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[meshlab] MeshLab Developers, "MeshLab", MeshLab Homepage
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[overpass] OpenStreetMap Contributors, "Overpass API", Overpass API
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[openstreetmap] "OpenStreetMap", OpenStreetMap Help
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[img:TreeShade] Yujin Park, Jean-Michel Guldmann, Desheng Liu, "Impacts of tree and building shades on the urban heat island: Combining remote sensing, 3D digital city and spatial regression approaches", 2021, ScienceDirect: Impacts of tree and building shades on the urban heat island
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[img:NY] Christophe Prud’homme, "New York City mesh", 2023, GitHub: New York City mesh
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[img:aerialview] Conseil départemental de la Somme, "Aerial thermal view", 2023, Aerial thermal view
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[img:street_thermography] P. Verchere, "Thermal image of a street in the city", 2023, The Conversation: Thermal image of a street in the city
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[img:mercator] Bibm@th, "Mercator projection", 2024, Bibm@th: Mercator projection
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[stl] Wikipedia, "STL (file format) - Wikipedia", 2023, Wikipedia: STL (file format)
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[cgal_alpha_wrapper] Pierre Alliez, David Cohen-Steiner, Michael Hemmer, Cédric Portaneri, Mael Rouxel-Labbé, "CGAL 5.6.1 - 3D Alpha Wrapping", 2024, CGAL: 3D Alpha Wrapping
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[cgal_affine_transformation] CGAL Development Team, "CGAL 5.6.1 - 2D and 3D Linear Geometry Kernel", 2024, CGAL: 2D and 3D Linear Geometry Kernel
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[wgs84] Wikipedia, "World Geodetic System", 2024, Wikipedia: World Geodetic System
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[wgs84_to_cartesian] Christian Berger, "WGS84toCartesian", 2021, GitHub: WGS84toCartesian
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[k-nn] Wikipedia, "K-nearest neighbors algorithm", 2024, Wikipedia: K-nearest neighbors algorithm
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[mercator-proj] Wikipedia, "Mercator projection", 2024, Wikipedia: Mercator projection
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[sketchup] Wikipedia, "SketchUp", 2024, Wikipedia: SketchUp
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[json] Wikipedia, "JSON", 2024, Wikipedia: JSON
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[corefine-compute] CGAL Development Team, "CGAL 5.6.1 - 3D Alpha Shapes", 2024, CGAL: 3D Alpha Shapes
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[hidalgo2-ubm] HiDALGO2, "Hidalgo2-UBM", 2024, HiDALGO2: Urban Building Model
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[hidalgo2] HiDALGO2, "HiDALGO2", 2024, HiDALGO2 Homepage
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[green-deal] European Commission, "European Green Deal", 2024, European Green Deal
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[delaunay-wiki] Wikipedia, "Delaunay triangulation", 2024, Wikipedia: Delaunay triangulation
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[hidalgo2-about] HiDALGO2, "About HiDALGO2", 2024, HiDALGO2: About
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[cemosis] Cemosis, "Cemosis", 2024, Cemosis Homepage
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[irma] IRMA, "IRMA", 2024, IRMA Homepage
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[inria] INRIA, "INRIA", 2024, INRIA Homepage
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[alliez] Pierre Alliez, "Pierre Alliez", 2024, Pierre Alliez Homepage
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[chabannes] Vincent Chabannes, "Vincent Chabannes", 2024, ResearchGate: Vincent Chabannes
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[paraview] Kitware, "ParaView", 2024, ParaView Homepage
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[cgal-master] CGAL Development Team, "CGAL", 2024, CGAL GitHub
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[overpass-ql] Roland Olbricht, "Overpass QL", 2024, Overpass QL
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[overpass-turbo] Roland Olbricht, Martin Raifer, "Overpass turbo", 2024, Overpass turbo
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[exaMA] ExaMA Consortium, "Exa-MA", 2024, Exa-MA: Methods and Algorithms for Exascale
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[numpex] Numpex Consortium, "Numpex", 2024, Numpex Homepage
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[gmsh] Christophe Geuzaine, Jean-François Remacle, "Gmsh", 2024, Gmsh Homepage
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[img:tree-shape] Noriah Othman, Mashitah Mat Isa, Noralizawati Mohamed, Ramly Hasan, "Street Planting Compositions: The Public and Expert Perspectives", 2019, ResearchGate: Street Planting Compositions
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[prudhomme] Christophe Prud’homme, "Christophe Prud’homme", 2024, ResearchGate: Christophe Prud’homme
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[auto-refine-triangle-soup] CGAL Development Team, "CGAL 6.0 - Polygon Mesh Processing", 2024, CGAL: Polygon Mesh Processing
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[cpr] CPR Developers, "Cpp Requests: Curl for People", 2024, GitHub: Cpp Requests
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[pouvoir-arbre] Tania Landes , "The Conversation: D’où vient le pouvoir rafraîchissant des arbres en ville ?", 2023, The Conversation: D’où vient le pouvoir rafraîchissant des arbres en ville?
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[science-direct] Yujin Park, Jean-Michel Guldmann, Desheng Liu, "Impacts of tree and building shades on the urban heat island: Combining remote sensing, 3D digital city and spatial regression approaches", 2021, ScienceDirect: Impacts of tree and building shades on the urban heat island
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[gmsh-geo] Gmsh Developers, "Gmsh .geo file format", 2024, Gmsh .geo file format
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[highest-plants] New Scientist - Aisling Irwin, "World’s highest plants discovered growing 6km above sea level", 2016, New Scientist: World’s highest plants discovered growing 6km above sea level
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[raycasting] Wikipedia, "Ray casting", 2024, Wikipedia: Ray casting
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[bvh] Wikipedia, "Bounding volume hierarchy", 2024, Wikipedia: Bounding volume hierarchy
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[kd-tree] Wikipedia, "K-d tree", 2024, Wikipedia: K-d tree
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[async] cplusplus.com, "std::async", 2024, cplusplus.com: std::async
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[is_valid] CGAL Development Team, "CGAL 5.6.1 - 3D Mesh Generation", 2024, link:https://doc.cgal.org/latest/Surface_mesh/classCGAL_1_1Surface__mesh.html#a14cb5e4c51a02d652ba33bf906f39fc0[CGAL: is_valid()
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[auto_refine_triangle_soup]] CGAL Development Team, "CGAL 6.0 - Polygon Mesh Processing", 2024, CGAL: autorefine_triangle_soup()
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[deep_learning] Wikipedia, "Deep learning", 2024, Wikipedia: Deep learning
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[numpex_exama] Numpex, "Exa-MA PC1", 2024, Numpex: Exa-MA PC1